Exquisite geological disaster science map and related knowledge propaganda
What is a geological disaster?
Geological disasters usually refer to disasters caused by the loss of people's lives or property caused by geological processes. Geological disasters can be divided into more than 30 types. A natural geological disaster caused by factors such as rainfall, snow melting, earthquakes, etc., caused by engineering excavation, loading, blasting, spoiling, etc., is called man-made geological disaster. The Regulations on Prevention and Control of Geological Hazards issued by the State Council in 2003 stipulates that common geological disasters mainly refer to six kinds of disasters related to geological effects such as collapse, landslides, mudslides, ground collapses, ground fissures and land subsidence that endanger people's lives and property.
First, landslide
(a) What is a landslide?
Landslide refers to the phenomenon that the rock mass (soil) on the slope slides down in whole or in part. It is generally caused by natural factors such as rainfall, river erosion, earthquakes, and snow melting. In recent years, the proportion of landslides caused by man-made engineering activities such as slope front slope cutting, trailing edge spoil loading, and crop irrigation has increased significantly. Landslides are commonly referred to as “land slidesâ€, “walking mountainsâ€, “垮山â€, “mountain peelingâ€, and “soil slippingâ€.
According to the material composition of the landslide body, the landslide can be divided into two basic types: soil landslide and rock landslide.
(2) What places are prone to landslides?
Landslides generally occur in bedding slopes, where the sloped rock mass is relatively fragmented, the mountains are undulating, and the vegetation coverage is poor. In the mountainous and hilly areas where construction is frequently carried out, it is also a landslide-prone area; the earthquake caused the mountain to loosen and the rock mass was broken, and it was prone to landslide under the effect of aftershocks or heavy rain.
(3) What are the precursors of landslides?
There are many precursors before the landslide occurs, and such signs should be noted.
1. Cracks on hillsides are often signs of landslides. The appearance of a large number of cracks indicates that the hillside is in a dangerous state.
2. The floor and wall of many houses built on the slope are obviously cracked, and the wall is skewed, which is a precursor to the landslide.
3. A large number of saber trees appear on the landslide body as a precursor to the landslide.
4. The anomalous phenomenon that the spring water on the front edge of the landslide has been blocked for many years and the water level suddenly changes in the water well on the slope body indicates that the landslide body has strong deformation and sliding, and overall sliding may occur.
5. Animals are frightened, not sleeping, and smashing, which is a precursor to landslides.
(4) How to respond to the occurrence of landslides?
1. When a precursor to a landslide is found, report it to the local government or relevant authorities immediately and immediately notify the threatened population. Be vigilant, pay close attention to observation, and prepare for evacuation.
2. When the mountain body landslide, do not run along the sliding direction of the landslide body, and should run to both sides of the landslide body. Running above or below the landslide is dangerous.
3. When facing a landslide, personnel in the house should immediately evacuate.
4. After the landslide and collapse occurred, the slope of the Houshan Mountain did not stabilize immediately. From time to time, collapses and slips occurred, and even large-scale landslides and collapses continued to occur. Therefore, do not immediately enter the disaster area to dig and search for property, so as to avoid another landslide or collapse.
Second, collapse
(1) What is a collapse?
Collapse refers to the phenomenon of cracking and falling of rock mass or soil on a steep slope, also known as caving, collapse or landslide. According to the composition of rock and soil, it can be divided into two major categories: rock fall and soil collapse. The collapse movement is extremely fast and often causes serious casualties.
(2) When is the time prone to collapse?
The time of collapse occurs roughly as follows:
1. During the rainfall process or a slight lag, it is the time when the collapse occurs most;
2. During a strong earthquake or aftershock;
3. During the process of excavating the slopes or lags for a period of time;
4. The initial stage of reservoir impoundment and the peak period of the river.
(3) What places are prone to collapse?
The cracks in the mountain are developed, and the rock mass is cut and broken by multiple sets of cracks. The cracks form a separation from the mountain, which is prone to collapse; the slope is greater than 45 degrees, and the height difference is large, or the slope is isolated, or concave. Steep slope; there is a temporary space in the front of the slope, or there is a collapse of the development, which means that there has been a collapse, and may happen again in the future.
(4) What are the precursors of the collapse?
Sudden rock fracturing, extrusion, shedding or shot under the cliff, usually accompanied by rock cracking or shearing and squeezing sounds, this indication indicates that a collapse may occur; when the mountain is found to have fallen rocks, small collapses occur continuously At the time, it is necessary to pay attention to the possibility of a large collapse; the occurrence of abnormal groundwater volume, etc., must be vigilant, which may be a precursor to collapse.
(5) How to respond to the collapse?
1. During the summer season, be sure to pay attention to the local weather forecast, and try to avoid entering the mountain valley after heavy rain and continuous rainy days. Do not stay in the dangerous rock (probe stone) attachment during the rainy season. Do not shelter from rain, rest and walk in places with concave steep slopes and dangerous rocks. Do not climb dangerous rocks.
2. If you encounter dirt or stones falling down the steep cliff, do not pass underneath.
3. When you are under the collapsed body, quickly escape to both sides. When you feel the ground vibration, you should immediately flee to the stable areas on both sides.
4. Don't panic when encountering a collapse in driving. Pay attention to observation, stop waiting or quickly leave the sloped section. When the traffic jam is caused by the collapse, the traffic police should be obeyed and promptly accepted.
Third, the debris flow
(a) What is a mudslide?
Debris flow refers to the flood flow formed by a large number of flowing water carrying silt stones, commonly known as "Jilong" and "walking". Debris flow formation generally must have three conditions: steeper and more convenient for collecting water, collecting landforms, rich loose sand and soil, and a large number of water sources (such as heavy rainfall) in a short time.
Debris flows often burst out, and a large number of silt stones are washed out of the ditch in a short period of time, often causing great harm to human life and property.
(2) What are the precursors of the debris flow?
1. The flood in the downstream of the mudslide valley suddenly stopped flowing. It is necessary to pay attention to the danger of the debris flow caused by the secondary landslide blocking in the flood area. The secondary landslide in the parade flood area slipped under the erosion of the flood and blocked the ditch, which is a precursor to the impending debris flow.
2. Abnormal roars suddenly came from the upper reaches of the mudslide valley. The sound is obviously different from the sound of locomotives, wind and rain, lightning, blasting, etc., which may be caused by the impact of boulder carried by mudslides.
(3) How to respond to the occurrence of debris flow?
Choose the shortest and safest path to run on the slopes or highlands on both sides of the valley. Do not run in the direction of the mudslide; do not stay in the depression with thick slope and thick soil; do not avoid trees, because the mudslide can remove all obstacles along the way; Avoid the curved bank of the river (ditch) or the narrow and low convex bank; do not hide under the steep mountain; after a long period of rain, the rain is getting smaller or the rain just stops, you can't return to the danger zone immediately; After more, pay close attention to the rain at night or evacuate in advance.
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